As for this letter you describe – so explicit, so extreme, that at the moment of its first description the reader might ejaculate across its pages-is it not the condition to which all writing has aspired? Demanding that admission of desire (no matter how unlikely, how unspeakable), an honesty, so absolute it would produce a masterpiece.

John A. Scott, What I Have Written

A masculine reader, one assumes. From that (limited) point of view, John Scott writes the most erotic prose in the country. Linda Jaivin is ham-fisted by comparison. We are talking about a textual sexuality, the kind practised so exquisitely by David Brooks in The House of Balthus. We are talking about a sexuality that may, perhaps, be possible only in language. As Helen Gamer observes in her review of John Hughes film of Scott’s novel What I Have Written: ‘I must state a painful fact; sex in a book is sexier than sex on a screen.’ (The Independent, June 1996). I must state a further painful fact: bodies get in the way. Not of sex; not of lovemaking; but of the erotic. The body trammels the imagination.

John Scott (the ‘A’ that appeared on earlier books has been dropped) is not only aware of gender-difference and its implications for representation but makes it part of the concern of his narrative. The poems by the fictional Danielle in Before I Wake are attributed to the actual Melissa Curran. The storytelling of this novel is split between several characters, masculine and feminine, and the latter, significantly, have the last word. Scott acknowledged the complications here involved in an interview with the editors of Scripsi (Vol. 2, Nos. 2 & 3, Spring 1983), speaking of From the Flooded City.

Because men use words to oppress, their language is very much in counterpoint to the speech of women. By constantly keeping on searching for the answer to things, the men get as much information as they can out of the women and in the process of doing this kill them. They drain women dry in the search for meaning thereby destroying the meanings of their own answers.

This is as pertinent to Before I Wake as to From the Flooded City (1982). Scott’s novels and poems usually take the form of searches, often of detective narratives (see St Clair: Three Narratives, revised edition 1990), and linguistic as well as epistemological not to mention ontological searches inevitably involve translation, a central issue for Scott (see Translation, 1990). Indeed, any attempt to confront gender difference involves a sort of translation. Given that translation involves reading at least ‘two’, this also is pertinent to Scott’s novel, with its ironies and betrayals and ambiguities: it is a novel that rewards if not requires re-reading. It is, like a translated text, different though the same the second time around.

The settings of the novel, involving the travels of lapsed writer Jonathan Ford, switch from Thirroul to Paris, to southern England, to northern Tasmania. The sense of cultural dislocation, of linguistic and cultural strangeness, that Jonathan experiences is germane to the novel’s intellectual concerns as to its eminently humane plot. This is not merely the most accessible of Scott’s books; it is also the most conventional. It may also be the richest. It is in some ways the most shocking, because of its life/art confrontations. While the final sentence of its two pages of ‘Acknowledgments’ acknowledges that ‘Before I Wake is a work of fiction, Scott, whose fiction at large embraces the epistolary mode, has two paragraphs earlier avowed that ‘Violet’s letters are drawn verbatim from the letters of my mother, Violet Scott.’

These are harrowing letters, and provide a possible explanation for the adult behaviour of Jonathan, the fictional son of the fictional ‘Violet’. They provide a different order of representation from the merely fictional (e.g., the relations between Danielle and her incestuous father, Malcolm Richardson) accounts of abuse that pervade the novel. They, and their deployment, are truly shocking, for the reader as well as, doubtless, for the author. (In what is not merely a parenthesis, it ought be observed that the ‘Acknowledgments’ are crucial to the book, and their being placed at its end rather than its beginning no less crucial. Connoisseurs of acknowledgments and notes may care to reflect how Helen ‘Demidenko’ might have fared better had she provided copious notes, while Frank Moorhouse’ s fate at the hands of the Miles Franklin judges might have been different had he provided less substantiation.)

Abuse, especially the abuse of children, and its consequent deformations of the adult, is at the heart of this novel. The historical figure of James Bulger, the Liverpool two-year-old, features, as does the fate of the Algerians at the hands and garrottes of French gendarmes. Like recent work by Garry Disher and Christopher Koch, this is a post-Vietnam novel, another site of abuse. Scott, through his painter Richardson, is also concerned with that form of rhetorical abuse known as ‘Critical Theory’, and its vagaries. In his account of the first experiments in viticulture in northern Tasmania, Scott renders the abuses of parochialism in a way I had previously encountered only in American fiction. The novel embodies the lines from Apollinaire that serve as epigraph to its first section: ‘at every moment I could weep/Over you over her whom I love over everything which has frightened you.’ Which may be why, at its end, the novel celebrates reconciliation and forgiveness.

Readers familiar with John Scott’s earlier prose, poetry, and volumes that are an amalgam of the two modes, will not be surprised to encounter in Before I Wake a stylistically scrupulous novel, a tour de force of control. In Scripsi, he articulated ‘the sort of things I write about’:

What immediately came to mind ... were the notions of search, of loss, of impossibility, and something generally to do with Romantic love. Loss is a very important part of it. ... This made me wonder whether I’ve ever expressed any positive things in my work at all. I seem to be able to articulate failure in myriad forms.

Let one reader assure John Scott that, in this rich, complex, various, and challenging novel, his representation of loss is the reader’s gain; that his representation of failure is a success of the highest order.

Artful Histories represents that extraordinary achievement – a learned critical study, based on a thesis, which is exhilarating to read. While it covers the expected ground, with careful accounts of Australian autobiographies of various types, it also addresses a core problem of current literary debate – the relative status of different literary genres, and the interrelation between writing and life. There is no mention here of The Hand That Signed The Paper or The First Stone (they are beyond the range of the discussion) but McCooey’s elucidation of the relationship between autobiography, history, fiction, and life bears directly on the issues which have kept Australian readers arguing over the past year. At the end of his chapter on autobiography and fiction, McCooey summarises the difference in a seemingly simple statement: ‘Fictional characters die fictionally, people die in actual fact.’ The implications of this are far from simple, and McCooey argues for the maintenance of the boundary between genres on the grounds of moral responsibility.

Greg Dening was trained for the Catholic priesthood. He became an outstanding historian of the Pacific, although perhaps better described as an anthropologist-historian, in company with Clifford Geertz, Marshall Sahlins, Nathalie Zemon Davis, and his colleague Rhys Isaac, to whom this book is warmly dedicated. Yet echoes of his initial calling linger in his work, certainly as evidenced in this collection of essays.

Dening is a proselytiser for a history which is recovered through the imagination, rather than a reliance on the surviving, selective texts which almost entirely empty the past of its meaning and are themselves continually transformed by the process of reading and interpretation. He says we cannot describe the past independently of our knowing it, any more than we can the present, and this kind of knowledge is the realm of the imagination. ‘Histories are fictions,’ he boldly asserts, ‘something made of the past – but fictions whose forms are metonymies of the present’. The American philosopher, Richard Rorty, is regularly invoked to illuminate his point. Human solidarity, Rorty writes,

is to be achieved not by inquiry but by imagination, the imaginative ability to see strange people as fellow sufferers … This process of coming to see others as being ‘one of us’ rather than as ‘them’ is a matter of detailed description of what we ourselves are like. This is a task not for theory but for genres such as ethnography …

As the one hundred and sixteen years of their control of the Exhibition Building ends, its Trustees have prepared this splendid account of their stewardship. From diverse perspectives David Dunstan, who teaches public history at Monash University, and fifteen associates, demonstrate how deeply the building has entered into the everyday lives of Victorians. Dunstan begins by noting that:

Two hundred years of European culture have not seen many places in this continent invested with anything like the meaning given by Aboriginal people to their sacred sites. But this building, could be one of them … if we gather together a mixed-age group and ask people about their recollections, then the images and memories surface in animated conversation: examinations; shows – the Motor Show; the Home Show; RAAF trainees during the Second World War; the Motor Registration Branch; The Royale Ballroom … the Aquarium.

The two books reviewed here, although very different in many ways, do have one thing in common – they have something to do with a secret, which the readers, and the protagonists, all come to know.

Sophie Masson has written a number of books about the Seyrac family, in which she draws on her own French heritage. In this, the fourth, changes come to the family as Maman works to finish her book and Papa is full of plans to open a restaurant with the children’s uncle and aunt who are to emigrate from France. Florence, the eldest of the children, discovers that all is not always as it seems and that people’s appearances can be deceptive. It comes as something of a revelation too, that she might be like Polichinelle and not always as clever as she thinks she is, as she is forced to acknowledge that Andy, the unwanted member of her working group at school, writes better than she does.

‘When I was eighteen my boyfriend’s father died in jail.’ This is the opening sentence of Ben Winch’s second novel; it is also the conclusion of the novel and, having got that out of the way, we can settle into the details that will tell us why this man died in jail and what his story means for this now eighteen-year-old woman.

Several books could and doubtless will be written to explore the sociological and psychological puzzles attending Helen Darville’ s remarkable masquerade. Robert Manne has no interest in the motivations of Helen Darville. His concerns are cultural and political, and therefore focus on the fictional character, Helen Demidenko: on her writings and statements, and on the responses of Australian intellectuals to those writings and statements during her brief life from 1992 to late August, 1995.

What is the role of the Public Intellectual?

Donald Horne: critics and negotiators

The general idea of ‘public intellectual life’ is more useful than the particular idea of’ the public intellectual’. ‘Public intellectual life’ is a public manifestation of what I called in The Public Culture ‘the critics’ culture’ of a liberal-democratic state. (It is made possible by the belief in a questioning approach to exist­ence as a central force in society.) However only parts of this critical activity emerge into the public culture; it is these parts that might be thought of as its ‘public intellectual life’. They provide a kind of public acclimatisation society for new ideas. All kinds of people may play a part in working up these ideas down there in the subterranean passages of the critics’ culture and others may take over the business of negotiating them into the public sphere. Many of these ‘negotiators’ are paid public performers in the news and entertainment industries. However some of the ‘critics’

Ramona Koval interviews Robert Manne about The Culture of Forgetting

Ramona Koval asked Robert Manne what his version of the strange story of Helen Demidenko might be.

Robert Manne: Well there was once, I think, a very strange young Australian woman of English parents, who, for reasons that we don’t understand decided to identify with Ukrainian war criminals. She decided that the Jews had got control of the history of the Holocaust and that a terrible story of what happened to Ukrainians at the hands of Jews had not been told. So she decided to take the name Demidenko because she read in a book that Demidenko was a Ukrainian who had been at Babi Yar where thirty-three thousand Jews were killed. She identified so strongly that she took the name Demidenko and wrote a high school essay in which she imagined what it would be like to be Ivan the Terrible, probably the most monstrous figure that emerges from the killings at Treblinka or at any other extermination camp. She decided to write a novel in which she would adopt the identity, imagining herself to be this daughter of a Ukrainian war criminal, with an uncle who served at Treblinka. And so she wrote a novel. Amazingly enough, not only was her novel published but it won a major award. It so convinced the literary community of its authenticity that it was regarded in 1995 as the best literary work published in the country.